Cat(sprite)

                         List(sprite)

       Determinant of matrix(stage)

 

 

 

              Determinant of matrix(sprite)

 

 

 

Q1. What is Computer?
A.    Computer is an electronic device which converts data into useful information.
Q2. Explain a few of the different ways in which computer can be categorized?
A.    Computer can be categorized in the following ways.
1.     Main frame computer.
2.     Super computer.
3.     Minicomputer.
4.     Micro computer.
Q3. List six type of computer that are designed for use by a single person?
         A.  Six types of computers that are designed for use by a single person are
Desktop computers, workstations, notebook computers, tablet computers,
Handheld computers and smart phones
Q4. Describe the two common designs for desktop computers.

A.    The more traditional desktop model features a horizontally oriented system
Unit, which usually lies flat on the top of the user’s desk. Many users place
their monitor on top of the system unit. Vertically oriented tower models
have become the more popular style of desktop system. This design allows
the user to place the system unit next to or under the desk, if desired.

Q5. How much do notebook computers typically weigh?

A.    Notebook computers generally weigh less than eight pounds, and some even
weigh less than three pounds.


Q6. List four types of computers that are designed for use by organizations, and are commonly used by multiple people at the same time.

A.    These computers include network servers, mainframes, minicomputers, and
Supercomputers.

Q7. Why are mainframe systems usually limited in the number of tasks they perform?

A. By limiting the number of tasks the system must perform, administrators
preserve as much power as possible for required operations.

Q8. What is the most popular use for home computers?

A.    Electronic mail (e-mail) continues to be the most popular use for home
Computers.

Q9. How are computer technologies used by the military?

A. Some of the world’s most sophisticated computer technology has been
developed primarily for use by the military. In fact, some of the earliest
Digital computers were created for purposes such as calculating the
trajectory of missiles. Today, from payroll management to weapons control,
The armed forces use the widest array of computer hardware and software
Imaginable.

Q10. How are computer technologies being used to train surgeons?

A.    New virtual-reality technologies are being used to train new surgeons in cutting-edge techniques, without cutting an actual patient.

Q11.How are analog computers different from digital computers?

A.     Analog computers (there are still some out there) use linear combinations of voltage amplitude (or currents or frequencies or phases) from the inputs to determine the required output sequence; digital computers use two-state variables that are either "on" or "off" (true or false, 1 or 0, yes or no) as logical building blocks to derive a digital output sequence from the digitized input. Digital signals may also be converted to analog, and vice versa, so you could have a series of a/d converters, a digital computer, and d/a converters to simulate an analog computer, or a communication channel, as in digital telephones.

Q12. What is the work station? Write down its features.

A.  A computer that is generally manufactured to accomplish the task of the professionalism in the field of the computer technology is called as the work station. But the actual definition of the work station is that the computer that is generally developed to run different type of heavy and the professional software for the sake of networking and other important tasks also by the single user is called as the work station. Such computers are less powerful as compared to other typical desktop computer but it has more space to do working if compared with personal computer
.
Important Features Of WorkStation:
There are many important characteristic features of the workstation because it has ability to store more and can run more applications as compared to the typical work computer. Some pf ten specific and the important features of the work stations are as follows1.

The work station has very compact designed as compared to the other personal computers but it has more capacity to save the applications but it has low power compatibility.2.

Typical working computers can only do the simple calculations or the problems but the work station can able to solve the complex and difficult problems that re the big task for three very user to do. So users can do such calculations quit conveniently.3.

One of the great features of the work station is that users can conveniently build three directional models of digital nature that can operate over high power.

Q13.
How does a dump terminal differ from an intelligent an terminal?

A.    A dumb terminal has no local processing capabilities of its own. The computer it is working from could be in another room. An intelligent terminal has local processing capability, so it does more than just act as a way of displaying things. Most old mainframe computers are attached to dumb terminals, enabling one computer to be used by many people. A PC is an intelligent terminal. It can be linked to a mainframe too, acting as a dumb terminal then, but it can be used as a standard computer too.
Q14.
What is a midrange computer? Why is it called so?

A.    It is small powerful multiuser system with excellent memory capabilities and processing speed. It is less powerful than a mainframe computer but more powerful than a PC. It is just half of the mainframe computer in which approximately 50 terminals can be connected and work at the same time. It is frequently used for middle level organization. Because it lies between mainframe and PC, so it is called midrange computer.

Q15.How is computer technology used in education?

A.    The Education & Computer Technology is a valuable source of information for educators, parents and students who use technology to enhance learning. As educators, we must be positive role models for our students. Students must see teachers as proficient users of technology in the classroom. Teachers must provide opportunities for students to access the Internet and the World Wide Web to develop high-quality activities with hands-on use of current technology.

GENERATIONS	MACHINE/DEVICE	YEAR	INFORMATION
G4	The Microprocessor	1971	This generation can be characterized by both the jump to monolithic integrated circuits(millions of transistors put onto one integrated circuit chip) and the invention of the microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing of a full-scale computer).  By putting millions of transistors onto one single chip more calculation and faster speeds could be reached by computers.  Because electricity travels about a foot in a billionth of a second, the smaller the distance the greater the speed of computers.         However what really triggered the tremendous growth of computers and its significant impact on our lives is the invention of the microprocessor.  Ted Hoff, employed by Intel (Robert Noyce's new company) invented a chip the size of a pencil eraser that could do all the computing and logic work of a computer.  The microprocessor was made to be used in calculators, not computers.  It led, however, to the invention of personal computers, or microcomputers. It wasn't until the 1970's that people began buying computer for personal use.  One of the earliest personal computers was the Altair 8800 computer kit.  In 1975 you could purchase this kit and put it together to make your own personal computer.  In 1977 theApple II was sold to the public and in 1981 IBM entered the PC (personal computer) market.
G5	Vlsi/Ulsi	1984-1990	In this period, computer technology achieved more superiority and parallel processing, which was until limited to vector processing and pipelining, where hundreds of processors could all work on various parts of a single program. There were introduction of systems like the Sequent Balance 8000, which connected up to twenty processors to one shared memory module. This machine was as competent as the DEC VAX-780 in the context that it had a general purpose UNIX system and each processor worked on a different user's job. On the other hand, INTEL IPSC-I or Hypercube, as it was called, connected each processor to its own memory and used a network interface to connect the processors. With the concept of distributed network coming in, memory posed no further problem and the largest IPSC-I was built with 128 processors. Towards the end of the fifth generation, another parallel processing was introduced in the devices, which were called Data parallel or SIMD. In this system, all the processors operate under the instruction of a single control unit. In this generation semiconductor memories became the standard were pursued vigorously. Other developments were the increasing use of single user workstations and widespread use of computer networks. Both wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) developed at an incredible pace and led to a distributed computing environment. RISC technology i.e. a particular technique for the internal organization of CPU and the plunging cost of RAM ushered in huge gains in computational power of comparatively cheaper servers and workstations. This generation also witnessed a sharp increase in both quantitative and qualitative aspects of scientific visualization.

GENERATIONS	MACHINE/DEVICE	YEAR	INFORMATION
G1	Vaccum tube	1946-1958	The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often undependable.  In 1946two Americans, Presper Eckert, and John Mauchly built the ENIAC electronic computer which used vacuum tubes instead of the mechanical switches of the Mark I.  The ENIAC used thousands of vacuum tubes, which took up a lot of space and gave off a great deal of heat just like light bulbs do.  The ENIAC led to other vacuum tube type computers like the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer).         The vacuum tube was an extremely important step in the advancement of computers.  Vacuum tubes were invented the same time the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison and worked very similar to light bulbs.  It's purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch.  Without any moving parts, vacuum tubes could take very weak signals and make the signal stronger (amplify it).  Vacuum tubes could also stop and start the flow of electricity instantly (switch).  These two properties made the ENIAC computer possible.         The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by gigantic air conditioners.  However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still overheated regularly.  It was time for something new.
G2	Transistor	1959-1964	The transistor computer did not last as long as the vacuum tube computer lasted, but it was no less important in the advancement of computer technology.  In 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what would replace the vacuum tube forever.  This invention was the transistor which functions like a vacuum tube in that it can be used to relay and switch electronic signals.         There were obvious differences between the transisitor and the vacuum tube.  The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much cheaper to build than a vacuum tube.  One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.  These transistors were made of solid material, some of which is silicon, an abundant element (second only to oxygen) found in beach sand and glass.  Therefore they were very cheap to produce.  Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes.  They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes.  Their use marked a new beginning for the computer.  Without this invention, space travel in the 1960's would not have been possible.  However, a new invention would even further advance our ability to use computers.
G3	Integrated Circuits	1965-1970	Transistors were a tremendous breakthrough in advancing the computer.  However no one could predict that thousands even now millions of transistors (circuits) could be compacted in such a small space.  The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a single wafer of silicon. Robert Noyce of Fairchild Corporation and Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments independently discovered the amazing attributes of integrated circuits.  Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip vastly increased the power of a single computer and lowered its cost considerably.         Since the invention of integrated circuits, the number of transistors that can be placed on a single chip has doubled every two years, shrinking both the size and cost of computers even further and further enhancing its power.  Most electronic devices today use some form of integrated circuits placed on printed circuit boards-- thin pieces of bakelite or fiberglass that have electrical connections etched onto them -- sometimes called a mother board. These third generation computers could carry out instructions in billionths of a second.  The size of these machines dropped to the size of small file cabinets. Yet, the single biggest advancement in the computer era was yet to be discovered.